Fatwā concerning the legality, based on their interpretation of Islamic law, of a) the responsibility of mosque officials to prevent unwell congregants from entering a mosque’s premises and b) the temporary suspension of congregational and Friday prayers, and subsequent mosque closures. The answer provided by the Fatwa Committee, who met on 18 February 2020, is that a) mosques’ management has the religious duty to request or prohibit any unwell congregants from entering the mosque area, whether for performing prayers or other matters and the closing of a mosque and b) the suspension of congregational prayers and Friday prayers during this situation, is required.
FATWA ON PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES IN DEALING WITH THE COVID-19 ADMINISTRATION OF MUSLIM LAW ACT (CHAPTER 3, SECTION 32) FATWA ISSUED BY FATWA COMMITTEE, ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS COUNCIL OF SINGAPORE The Fatwa Committee held a special fatwa meeting on 18 February 2020 to discuss questions received from Mosque and Community Development Strategic Unit in Muis (MCM) on precautionary measures that should be undertaken by mosques in dealing with the transmission of Covid-19 FATWA بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لله رب العالمين ، والصلاة والسلام على سيد المرسلين وإمام المتقين نبينا محمد وعلى آله وأصحابه أجمعين. اللهم أرنا الحق حقا وارزقنا اتباعه، وأرنا الباطل باطلا وارزقنا اجتنابه، وبعد.
FATWA BACKGROUND
MAIN PRINCIPLES
III. The role of maqāṣid in providing religious guidance during emergency situations such as in a disease outbreak. I) Religious textual evidence on need to contain spread of plague
لَا يُورِدَنَّ مُمْرِضٌ عَلَى مُصِحٍّ Meaning: “Do not place a sickly patient with a healthy person.” (Hadith reported by Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim).[7]
إِذَا سَمِعْتُمْ بِهِ بِأَرْضٍ فَلاَ تَقْدَمُوا عَلَيْهِ وَإِذَا وَقَعَ بِأَرْضٍ وَأَنْتُمْ بِهَا فَلاَ تَخْرُجُوا فِرَارًا مِنْهُ Meaning: “If you hear that a land has a plague in it, do not go forward to it. If it comes upon a land which you are in, do not depart from it” (Hadith reported by Imam Muslim). [8]
II) Religious concession to not attend Friday prayers and congregational prayers for those with religious excuse
فقال ابن عباس : أَتَعْجَبُونَ مِن ذَلِك! لَقَدْ فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ مَنْ هُوَ خَيْرٌ مِنِّي، إِنَّ الجُمْعَةَ عَزْمَةً، وَإِنِّي كَرِهْتُ أَنْ أُخْرِجَكُم فَتَمْشُوا فِي الطَّينَ وَالدَّحَضِ. Meaning: “Ibn Abbas said: Are you surprised with this statement! It has been done by someone more noble than me (that is Rasulullah s.a.w.). The Friday prayers is an obligation but I do not like to order you to go out and attend prayers while walking on wet earth and mud.”
(أما حكم المسألة) فقال أصحابنا : تسقط الجماعة بالأعذار سواء قلنا إنها سنة أم فرض كفاية أم فرض عين Meaning: “(With regard to this issue) Our fellow scholars (the Shafi’is) have opined that: Congregational prayers can become non-obligatory due to legal exceptions. This includes supererogatory prayers, communal or individual obligations… (fardu kifayah or fardu ain)” [12]
من الأعذار المرخصة في ترك الجماعة، يرخص في ترك الجمعة Meaning: “The religiously valid excuses that can render congregational prayers non-obligatory can also be accepted as valid excuses to not attend Friday prayers.”[13]
III) The role of maqāṣid in providing religious guidance for emergency situations such as during a disease outbreak
الضرورة تبيح المحظورات Meaning: “Emergencies permit the unlawful.”
لاَ ضَرَرَ وَلاَ ضِرَارَ Meaning: “Let there be no harm and no reciprocation of harm.” (Hadith reported by Ibn Majah).[15]
تصرف الإمام على الرعية منوط بالمصلحة Meaning: “A leader's decision is based on the welfare of his people.”[16]
FATWA DECISION
والله أعلم ، وبالله التوفيق ، وصلى الله على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه وسلم.
DR MOHAMED FATRIS BIN BAKARAMCHAIRMAN, FATWA (LEGAL) COMMITTEEMUFTI OF THE REPUBLIC OF SINGAPOREISLAMIC RELIGIOUS COUNCIL OF SINGAPORE
[1] Chaolin Huang et. al, “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China” in The Lancet Journal, vol. 395, published 24 January 2020, p. 499. [2] Channel News Asia, “Singapore confirms first case of Wuhan virus”, 23 January 2020. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/wuhan-virus-pneumonia-singapore-confirms-first-case-12312860 [3] Channel News Asia, “Coronavirus outbreak: Singapore raises DORSCON level to Orange; schools to suspend inter-school, external activities”, 7 February 2020. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/wuhan-coronavirus-dorscon-orange-singapore-risk-assessment-12405180 [4] Ministry of Health, “Advisory for Large-Scale Events Amidst the Novel Coronavirus Situation”, 8 February 2020. https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/default-document-library/advisory-for-large-scale-events-amidst-the-novel-coronavirus-situation-(8-feb-2020).pdf [5] The Straits times, “'Crazy Auntie' and Secretive Church at Heart of Spike of Coronavirus Cases in South Korea”, 23 February 2020. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/crazy-auntie-and-secretive-church-at-heart-of-spike-in-s-korea [6] Channel News Asia, “COVID-19: Catholic Church Suspends Mass; Other Religious Groups Turn to Live streaming, Among Other Measures”, 14 February 2020. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/covid-19-outbreak-coronavirus-catholic-church-religion-singapore-12435882 [7] Al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, hadith no. 5771; See also, Al-Naysabūrī, Muslim bin al-Ḥajjāj, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, hadith no. 2221. [8] Al-Naysabūrī, Muslim bin al-Ḥajjāj, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, hadith no. 2219. [9] Even though there are other prophetic sayings that mentioned the Prophet s.a.w sitting and eating with others who were infected with leprosy, which is a contagious disease, Imam al-Nawawī explained that there is a need to read and understand the prophetic sayings holistically and to not view them from only one aspect. He therefore opines despite these two hadiths which are seemingly contradictory, the preferred position is that because Islam urges its followers to take necessary precautions in facing epidemic situations, they should as far as possible avoid coming into contact with those infected with infectious disease. Please see: Muslim bin al-Ḥajjāj, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, hadith no. 2231; Al-Nawawī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim bi Syarḥ Muslim, Vol 14, p. 327. We need to be able to differentiate in facing situations of contagious diseases such as leprosy, mentioned in the prophetic saying and other contagious diseases that can reach an epidemic level such as the Ta’un epidemic mentioned in other prophetic sayings. [10] Al-Shāṭibī, Al-Muwāfaqāt, Vol 1, pp. 477 – 478. [11] Al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, hadith no. 901; See also, Al-Naysabūrī, Muslim bin al-Ḥajjāj, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, hadith no. 699. [12] Al-Nawawī, Al-Majmū’, Vol 4, p. 98. [13] Al-Nawawī, Rauḍah Al-Ṭālibīn, Vol 1, p. 146. [14] Al-Zarqā, Musṭafā, Sharḥ al-Qawā’id al-Fiqhiyyah, p. 205. [15] Ibn Mājah, Sunan Ibn Mājah, hadith no. 2341. [16] Al-Suyūṭī, al-Ashbāh wa al-Naẓā’ir fī Qawā‘id wa Furū’ Fiqh al-Shāfi‘iyyah, p.121. [17] Sadd al-Zarā’i’: refers to blocking the means. It entails forbidding or blocking a lawful action because it could be means that lead to unlawful actions. Al-Qarāfī, al-Furūq, vol 2, pp. 32-33. [18] The Haram Mosque has once been closed in 1979 as a result of terrorist acts carried out in the mosque by Juhaymān al-‘Utaybī and his followers. During that period, all obligational forms of worship and activities were temporarily suspended out of necessity. Please see: al-Sharq al-Awsaṭ, “al-Ṣolāt fi al-Masjid al-Harām Ghadan”, 5 December 1979.
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FATWA BERKAITAN PENCEGAHAN COVID-19 AKTA PENTADBIRAN HUKUM ISLAM (BAB 3, BAHAGIAN 32) FATWA YANG DIKELUARKAN OLEH JAWATANKUASA FATWA, MAJLIS UGAMA ISLAM SINGAPURA Jawatankuasa Fatwa telah mengadakan mesyuarat fatwa khas pada 18 Februari 2020 bagi membincangkan soalan yang diterima daripada Unit Pembangunan Masjid dan Masyarakat (MCM) Muis mengenai langkah-langkah di peringkat masjid di dalam menangani penularan Covid-19 FATWA بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لله رب العالمين ، والصلاة والسلام على سيد المرسلين وإمام المتقين نبينا محمد وعلى آله وأصحابه أجمعين. اللهم أرنا الحق حقا وارزقنا اتباعه، وأرنا الباطل باطلا وارزقنا اجتنابه، وبعد.
LATARBELAKANG
PRINSIP-PRINSIP UTAMA
III. Peranan maqāṣid di dalam membentuk panduan keagamaan bagi suasana darurat seperti penularan wabak. I) Dalil-dalil syarak berkaitan pencegahan penularan wabak
لَا يُورِدَنَّ مُمْرِضٌ عَلَى مُصِحٍّ Yang bermaksud: “Yang sakit janganlah mendatangi yang sihat.” (Hadis riwayat Imam Bukhari dan Imam Muslim).[7]
إِذَا سَمِعْتُمْ بِهِ بِأَرْضٍ فَلاَ تَقْدَمُوا عَلَيْهِ وَإِذَا وَقَعَ بِأَرْضٍ وَأَنْتُمْ بِهَا فَلاَ تَخْرُجُوا فِرَارًا مِنْهُ Yang bermaksud: “Apabila kamu mendengarnya (wabak) di sesuatu tempat, maka janganlah kamu pergi ke situ. Dan apabila ia berlaku di tempat kamu, maka janganlah kamu keluar lari daripadanya.” (Hadis riwayat Imam Muslim). [8]
II) Keringanan untuk meninggalkan solat berjemaah dan solat Jumaat bagi yang berkeuzuran.
فقال ابن عباس : أَتَعْجَبُونَ مِن ذَلِك! لَقَدْ فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ مَنْ هُوَ خَيْرٌ مِنِّي، إِنَّ الجُمْعَةَ عَزْمَةً، وَإِنِّي كَرِهْتُ أَنْ أُخْرِجَكُم فَتَمْشُوا فِي الطَّينَ وَالدَّحَضِ. Yang bermaksud: “Ibn Abbas berkata: Adakah kamu merasa hairan tentang hal ini? Sesungguhnya ia telah dilakukan oleh yang lebih mulia daripadaku (iaitu Rasulullah s.a.w.). Sesungguhnya solat Jumaat merupakan satu kewajipan, dan saya tidak suka untuk menyuruh kamu keluar (mengerjakan solat Jumaat) dalam keadaan kamu berjalan di atas tanah dan lumpur.”
(أما حكم المسألة) فقال أصحابنا : تسقط الجماعة بالأعذار سواء قلنا إنها سنة أم فرض كفاية أم فرض عين Yang bermaksud: “(Ada pun mengenai hukum masalah ini) Maka sahabat-sahabat kami (iaitu ulama al-Shafi’iyah) berkata: Solat berjemaah dikira gugur dengan keuzuran, tidak kira sama ada kita mengatakan itu solat sunat atau pun fardu kifayah atau pun fardu ain…” [12]
من الأعذار المرخصة في ترك الجماعة، يرخص في ترك الجمعة Yang bermaksud: “Di antara keuzuran yang menjadi penyebab solat berjemaah itu boleh ditinggalkan, ia diterima sebagai satu keringanan untuk ditinggalkan solat Jumaat.” [13]
III) Peranan maqāṣid di dalam membentuk panduan keagamaan bagi suasana darurat seperti penularan wabak.
الضرورة تبيح المحظورات Yang bermaksud: “[Pada] keadaan darurat, dibenarkan untuk melaksanakan perbuatan yang dilarang.”
لاَ ضَرَرَ وَلاَ ضِرَارَ Yang bermaksud: “Tidak boleh mudarat dan tidak boleh memudaratkan.” (Hadis riwayat Ibn Majah).[15]
تصرف الإمام على الرعية منوط بالمصلحة Yang bermaksud: “Tindakan seorang ketua ke atas rakyat, berdasarkan kepada kemaslahatan.”[16]
KEPUTUSAN FATWA
والله أعلم ، وبالله التوفيق ، وصلى الله على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه وسلم.
DR MOHAMED FATRIS BIN BAKARAMPENGERUSI, JAWATANKUASA FATWAMUFTI NEGARA SINGAPURAMAJLIS UGAMA ISLAM SINGAPURA
[1] Chaolin Huang et. al, “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China” in The Lancet Journal, vol. 395, published 24 Januari 2020, p. 499. [2] Channel News Asia, “Singapore confirms first case of Wuhan virus”, 23 Januari 2020. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/wuhan-virus-pneumonia-singapore-confirms-first-case-12312860 [3] Channel News Asia, “Coronavirus outbreak: Singapore raises DORSCON level to Orange; schools to suspend inter-school, external activities”, 7 Februari 2020. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/wuhan-coronavirus-dorscon-orange-singapore-risk-assessment-12405180 [4] Ministry of Health, “Advisory for Large-Scale Events Amidst the Novel Coronavirus Situation”, 8 Februari 2020. https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/default-document-library/advisory-for-large-scale-events-amidst-the-novel-coronavirus-situation-(8-feb-2020).pdf [5] The Straits times, “'Crazy Auntie' and Secretive Church at Heart of Spike of Coronavirus Cases in South Korea”, 23 Februari 2020. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/crazy-auntie-and-secretive-church-at-heart-of-spike-in-s-korea [6] Channel News Asia, “COVID-19: Catholic Church Suspends Mass; Other Religious Groups Turn to Livestreaming, Among Other Measures”, 14 Februari 2020. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/covid-19-outbreak-coronavirus-catholic-church-religion-singapore-12435882 [7] Al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, hadis no. 5771; Lihat juga, Al-Naysabūrī, Muslim bin al-Ḥajjāj, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, hadis no. 2221. [8] Al-Naysabūrī, Muslim bin al-Ḥajjāj, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, hadis no. 2219. [9] Sungguhpun terdapat hadis lain yang menggambarkan bahawa Nabi s.a.w. pernah duduk dan makan bersama dengan mereka yang menghidapi penyakit kusta, Imam Al-Nawawī menjelaskan bahawa terdapat kepentingan untuk menggabungkan antara keseluruhan hadis-hadis tersebut dan tidak melihatnya pada satu aspek sahaja. Beliau berpandangan sungguhpun kedua-dua hadis ini dilihat bercanggah, pandangan yang lebih sesuai adalah agama menganjurkan umatnya untuk mengamalkan langkah-langkah pencegahan sebagai tanda berhati-hati dalam menghadapi situasi penyakit berjangkit. Sila lihat: Muslim bin al-Ḥajjāj, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, hadis no. 2231; Al-Nawawī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim bi Syarḥ Muslim, juz 14, hlmn. 327. Kita perlu mampu membezakan di antara situasi berhadapan dengan sesuatu bentuk penyakit yang berjangkit dari individu ke individu, seperti penyakit kusta yang disebut di dalam sebahagian hadis, berbanding penyakit yang menjadi wabak yang menular luas di tengah-tengah masyarakat umum, seperti wabak taun yang disebut di dalam beberapa hadis yang lain. [10] Al-Shāṭibī, Al-Muwāfaqāt, juz 1, hlmn. 477 – 478. [11] Al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, hadis no. 901; Lihat juga, Al-Naysabūrī, Muslim bin al-Ḥajjāj, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, hadis no. 699. [12] Al-Nawawī, Al-Majmū’, juz 4, hlmn. 98. [13] Al-Nawawī, Rauḍah Al-Ṭālibīn, juz 1, hlmn. 146. [14] Al-Zarqā, Musṭafā, Sharḥ al-Qawā’id al-Fiqhiyyah, hlmn. 205. [15] Ibn Mājah, Sunan Ibn Mājah, hadis no. 2341. [16] Al-Suyūṭī, al-Ashbāh wa al-Naẓā’ir fī Qawā‘id wa Furū’ Fiqh al-Shāfi‘iyyah, hlmn .121. [17] Konsep Sadd al-Zarā’i’: Bererti menutup ruang. Ianya adalah satu kaedah pencegahan awal dari berlakunya perkara yang diharamkan syarak. Al-Qarāfī, al-Furūq, juz 2, hlmn. 32-33. [18] Bahkan dengan merujuk kepada sejarah sehinggakan Masjidil Haram pernah ditutup pada tahun 1979, disebabkan tindakan keganasan yang berlaku di masjid tersebut, hasil daripada pencerobohan yang dilakukan Juhaymān al-‘Utaybī dan pengikut-pengikutnya. Ketika itu, keseluruhan ibadah fardhu serta aktiviti lain telah dihentikan disebabkan keadaan darurat. Sila lihat: al-Sharq al-Awsaṭ, “al-Ṣolāt fi al-Masjid al-Harām Ghadan”, 5 Disember 1979. |